Jaltomata aspera (R. & P.) Mione |
Peru |
updated 2009 |
| Link to Jaltomata homepage | The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, Connecticut 06050-4010, United States of America. |
Link to the Jaltomata of department Lima, Peru
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| This photo was generously provided by Dr. Graciela Vilcapoma S. and Arturo Granda P. (collection 4326) | Note how style is widest at base and gradually narrows toward stigma, and how stigma is no wider than the top of the style. Anthers undehisced. Evident in this photo is the bowl of tissue either formed by bases of stamens or adnate to bases of stamens (Mione Leiva G. & Yacher 615). |
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Ventral view of anthers on left, dorsal view of anthers on right. Units vertically along right are mm These photos are of collection Mione, Leiva & Yacher 615 after flowers were stored in 70% ethanol for a few years. Photos by Thomas Mione. |
Two anthers were removed to show the bowl of tissue apparently formed by bases of stamens. At the center of the photo is the ovary of the flower, with the style attached at its top middle. |
| Character | |
|---|---|
| Habit & Height | Herbaceous to suffrutescent, 20 - 58 cm |
| Young axes | |
| Woody axes | |
| Leaves | Hairs of leaves not gland-tipped |
| Flowers Per Inflorescence | Flowers almost always solitary. |
| Peduncle & Pedicel | Pedicels articulated (one can see both a pedicel and a peduncle) |
| Calyx | |
| Corolla shape including lobes/lobules, and size | Corolla very broadly campanulate, 5-lobed, lacking 5 pairs of maculae, 42 mm across. |
| Corolla color and hairs | greenish-yellow or yellow-green |
| Anther length & color | anther length: 3.5 - 4.5 mm |
| Stamens | Stamen length: 12-14 mm, filaments glabrous |
| Amazing | bowl-shaped layer of tissue apparently formed by the bases of the stamens |
| Disk around ovary | |
| Style length | Style widest at base and gradually narrowing toward apex, 6.5 - 8 mm long in lomas, 9.5 - 12 mm long in Andes. Stigma no wider than top of style. |
| Nectar | Nectar red |
| Herkogamy? | |
| Fruit color (at maturity) and size | orange (Granda 926), white (Macbride 1962) |
| Seeds | |
| Chromosome number |
Discussion of Habit: This species was described as herbaceous (in protologue) to suffrutescent (type specimen of S. lacrima-virginis in its protologue, and the specimen label of Vilcapoma 2950). There appears to be no correlation between herbaceous/suffrutescent and lomas vs. Andes.
Geographic Distribution: Peru, Department Lima
In the lomas formation:
Elevation 152 to 500 m, flowering Sep, Oct & Nov.
In the Andes: Elevation 1600 - 2290 m, flowering March & April, and one specimen was flowering in Jan during an El Niño event.
| Department | Province | Locality | elevation in m | habitat | date | collector | Data Entry |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lima | Lima | TYPE: Hills of Lima Amancaes. Amancaes is located at latitude 12 01'S (Rundel et al. 1991) |
not mentioned in protologue, but we know these hills to be under 500 m from labels of conspecific collections in these hills | not mentioned in protologue, but we know that Amancaes is loma-formation | "flowering in Oct and Nov" is stated in protologue, so collections were very likely made during these months | Ruíz López & Pavón s.n. (not seen, Mione corresponded with MA in 1998 and they replied "not found in our collections") | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | type of Saracha lacrima-virginis, Amancaes | 200-400 |
loma-formation, rocky area | 19 Oct 1902 | Weberbauer 1587 | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | Amancaes | 200-300 |
loma-formation | Sep 1909 | Weberbauer 5246a (F, US) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | near Lima | no data |
presumably Lomas | 1862 | W. Nation s. n. (K) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | Hills of Mongomarca | 500 |
Loma-Formation | Sep 1909 | Weberbauer 5235 (US) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | type of Saracha ciliata Miers, valley of Lima | no data
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presumably lomas | looks like "July & Aug" on type specimen label | Mathews 834 (K) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | San Geronimo | 152 |
rocky hillside | 19 Sept 1923 | J. F. Macbride 5912 (F) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Lima | Lima | no data |
no data | Sep 1932 | D. Stafford K.35 (K) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Cañete | Lomas de Asia | no data |
no data | 14 October 1995 | G. Vilcapoma S. and A. Granda P. 4326 (Mione has seen photo but not herbarium specimen) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Canta | Arriba de Apán, camino a Puruchuco | 1700 |
monte caducifolio con veg. herbácea | 21 Mar 1994 | G. Vilcapoma S. 2950 (MOL) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Canta | Apán, camino a Puruchuco | 1600 |
ladera pedregosa con monte caducifolio | 26 Mar 1993 | Granda 926 | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Canta | Apán, camino a Puruchuco | 2550 |
ladera pedregosa con monte caducifolio | 2 Apr 1994 | A. Granda & J. Alegría 1254 | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Huarochirí | km 73 of highway from Lima to La Oroya | 2290 |
open sun, slope, with Carica candicans, Lycianthes sp., and Schinus molle; terreno xerofitico, arenos | 17 Jan 1998 | T. Mione, S. Leiva G. & L. Yacher 615; S. Leiva G., T. Mione, & L. Yacher 2130 | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Huarochirí | valley of Rio Rimac, near Lima-Oroya, highway at km 70 east of Lima | 1800 |
dry open hillside, granite soil, with cacti | 15-22 Mar 1942 | Goodspeed & Metcalf 30248 (MO, US) | Feb 2007 |
| Lima | Huarochirí | type of Saracha urbaniana, above San Bartolomé (Lima to Oroya R. R.) | 1600-1700 |
rocky slopes with not very dense xerophytic vegetation mainly cacti and shrubs that are green when it rains | 27 Mar 1910 | A. Weberbauer 5262 (US)(photo NY) | Feb 2007 |
Two Jaltomata species share with J. aspera copious red/orange nectar, a bowl-shaped structure formed by the bases of the stamens and stigma no wider than top of style. One grows in La Libertad: GreenFruit&OrangeNectar. The other grows in Arequipa and its working name is ArequipaPurple.
Excerpt from The Journals of Hipólito Ruiz, Spanish Botanist in Peru and Chile 1777 - 1788, Timber Press, 1998:
"We all remained in Lima until the 19th of December [1781], drying and describing the plants collected on the way from Huaura to Lima, and describing those I found on the outskirts of the capital in gardens and orchards. Among these, I described the following.
Jaltomata aspera (as Atropa aspera, page 194) ..."
Follow this link to Local Names
Synonymy:
Jaltomata aspera (Ruiz & Pavón) Mione. Basionym: Atropa
aspera Ruiz and Pavón, Flora Peruviana,
et chilensis 2: 45. 1799. Ulticona aspera (Ruiz & Pavón) Raf., Sylva Telluriana 55. 1838. Hebecladus
asperus (Ruiz & Pavón) Miers,
London J. Bot. 4: 322. 1845.
Saracha ciliata
Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3: 446. 1849.
Saracha lacrima-virginis
Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 341. 1921.
Saracha urbaniana Bitter & Dammer, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 17: 342. 1921.
Weberbauer 5262 =5305
according to label on photospecimen at WIS.
Saracha urbaniana could be transferred to Jaltomata as J. urbaniana (Bitter & Dammer). The higher elevation specimens would then all go by this name, and the low elevation (lomas) specimens would continue to be known as J. aspera. The low elevation and the high elevation populations flower at different times of the year, and so are reproductively isolated. As well, the Andean populations have longer styles (see details above).
