| Jaltomata sinuosa (Miers) Mione | Venezuala, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia |
page updated July 2009 |
The information on this page may be cited as a communication with professor Thomas Mione, Central Connecticut State University, Biology Department, Copernicus Hall, 1615 Stanley Street, New Britain, CT 06050-4010 |
Link to Jaltomata homepage |
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| Flower in pistillate phase, day 1 (accession 468 from Ecuador). | Flower in hermaphroditic phase, after day 1 (accession 468 from Ecuador). |
Pigmentation: The purple of the corolla is almost certainly anthocyanin. Corolla cells were observed with brighfield microscopy, and students noted that the purple color (where present) appears throughout the cells. This indicates that the purple pigment is in the vacuole. Given this, students and I concluded that the purple pigment is almost certainly anthocyanin. The purple color (where present) of the hairs of the corolla looks the same: the purple pigment appears throughout the cells that have the pigment.
Jaltomata sinuosa is similar to collection Leiva 2345 (Mione et al. 650, La Libertad, Peru) and J. sanctae-martae (Bitter) Benítez of Colombia and Venezuela. All three species are shrubs, are villous with gland-tipped finger hairs, and bear rotate corollas. Jaltomata sinuosa has 3 - 5 flowers per inflorescence, flowers 2.5--3.8 cm in diameter, and orange berries while J. sanctae-martae has up to 10 flowers per inflorescence, flowers to 1.8 cm in diameter and, according to Benítez de Rojas (1980), red berries. Leiva 2345 differs by having stems round in cross section and smaller anthers, and waxy DNA sequences place Leiva 2345 and J. sinuosa in two different clades.
Distribution and Habitat: Jaltomata sinuosa occurs in disturbed habitats (e.g., roadsides) in the Andes from western Venezuela to Bolivia.
Uses and Local Names: The fruits are eaten (Dillon et al. 6193; Leiva et al. 2042; Mione et al. 672) and the local names include "tomatillo" (Hawkes and García-Barriga 100), "uvilla de monte" (Mione and McQueen 468 , 469). "Native medicinal" (Sawyer 807)
Fruit Size, Fruits Collected in the Wild in Latin America: 10 X 14 mm (166 seeds, accession 468), 10 X 14 (191 seeds, accession 469) and 9 X 14 (164 seeds, accession 469). I am almost certain I did not have calipers with me for these measurements, but carefully held fruits to a ruler. Seed counts were done carefully, after I got back to Connecticut.
Fruit Size, Fruits Harvested From Plants Grown For Study in Connecticut: 8 X 11 mm (105 seeds), 9 X13 (114 seeds), 7 X 9.5 (82 seeds), 7.3 X 9.5 (86 seeds), data from accessions 468 and 469. Data from accession 534: 9 X 12 mm (74 seeds), 9.5 x 13 (104 seeds), 8 x 11.2 mm (64 seeds). Calipers were used to measure these fruits.
| Character | description |
|---|---|
| Habit & Height | shrub |
| Young axes | |
| Woody axes | |
| Leaves | |
| Flowers Per Inflorescence | |
| Peduncle & Pedicel | |
| Calyx | |
| Corolla shape including lobes/lobules, and size | |
| Corolla color | |
| Anther length & color | |
| Stamens | |
| Stigma | |
| Style length | |
| Disk around ovary | |
| Nectar | transparent (Mione et al. 733) |
| Herkogamy? | |
| Fruit color (at maturity) and size | |
| Seeds per fruit, wild-collected plants | I counted 166 seeds (accession 468, Ecuador), and 164 and 191 seeds (two fruits, accession 469, Ecuador). Thus, the sample range is 166 to 191 seeds. |
| Seeds per fruit, plants grown for study in CT | Range 64 to 114 seeds, with the highest count and the lowest count from the same accession (543), and a mean of 90. Seeds per fruit is lower in Connecticut presumably because the plants were grown in the absence of pollinators (in the greenhouse). Data from accessions 468, 469 and 534 are represented in this range. |
| Seed Germination | Seeds of Nee et al. 51826/Bohs 01-58 were stored for 2 years and 9 months and then planted on 30 Jan 2004. On 19 Feb 2004 a seedling was observed (on 18 Feb none had germinated). First germination took 20 days; only two seeds germinated out of 12 to 15 sown. Seeds of accession 469 were stored for 6 months and then planted on 1 Jun 1990. On 21 Jun 1990 a seedling was observed. First germination took 20 days. Seeds of accession 534 were stored for one year and 5 months and planted on 16 Apr 1992. A seedling was observed on 30 April 1992. First germination took 14 days. Seeds were stored in the refrigerator, except for the first days or weeks after harvest when the seeds were stored at ambient temperature. |
| Chromosome number |
Representative specimens:
Venezuela. Mérida: Vicinity of El Royal, near La Toma, 2440 m, 4 Nov 1978, Luteyn et al . 6181 (MO, NY).
Colombia. Cundinamarca: Cordillera Oriental, Monserrate, Valle del Río San Francisco, 2700-2900 m, 18 Jun 1948, Hawkes and García-Barriga 100 (K, US); Cordillera Oriental, western slopes, 20 km from Bogotá, via Salto de Tequendama-El Colegio road, 2470 m, 13 Jan 1976, Luteyn et al . 4817 (K, MO, NY).
Ecuador. Imbabura: on rd. from Otavalo to Selva Alegre, 29.4 km from junction of Pan Amer Hwy, 2900 m, 28 May 1991, Spooner et al . 5113 (CONN). Pichincha: canton Quito, Parroquia Nanegalito, quebrada Santa Rosa, steep slopes SW of Río Pichán, 2000 m, 12 Jan 1995, Webster and Rhode 31234 (DAV). Tungurahua: vicinity of Ambato, Feb 1919, Pachano 138 (GH, NY, US). Chimborazo: highway to Pallatanga from just S of Cajabamba, 32.1 km in from Panamerican Highway, 3000 m, 10 Jan 1990, Mione and McQueen 468, 469 (CONN, NY). Cañar: outskirts of Asorgues, 2897 m, 27 Jun 1939, Balls B7327 (K, US). Loja: road to La Toma on slopes of Cerro Villonaco, ca. 10 km west of Loja, 2440 m, 7 Mar 1965, Knight 583 (WIS).
Peru:
| Amazonas | 2 kms along road W of Chachapoyas | 2195 m | 13 Jan 1983 | King and Bishop 9179 (G, K, MO, US) |
| Piura | Huancabamba, alrededores de Sapalache | 2400 m | 9 Jun 1997 | S. Leiva et al. 2042 (CONN, HAO) |
| Piura | Huancabamba: Salala. In quebrada and along road to El Shimbe. 05 06' S, 79 28' W. | 2980 m | 8 Jun 1997 | N. W. Sawyer 807 (herbarium of Mione) [same date and same locality as Leiva 2036, so probably same population] |
| Cajamarca | Cutervo, garden in village of San Andrés de Cutervo | 2050 m | 6 Nov 1990 | Dillon et al . 6193 (F)[grown as Mione 534] |
UNDER CONSTRUCTION: the following data will be put in the above table
Mendoza, 1400-1500 m, 19 Aug 1963, Woytkowski 8153 (MO, NY).
Ayabaca, alrededor de Yacupampa (Ayabaca - Cuyas), 2702 m, 21 Sep 1996, Leiva et al. 1867 (CONN, HAO).
Chota, 6 0 33' 54" S, 78 0 38' 42" W, 2300 m, 19 Jun 1999, Leiva 2374 and Mione 672 (CONN, HAO);
Santa Cruz, ruta Chorro Blanco - Monteseco, 1750 m, 21 Jan 1996, Leiva et al . 1756 (HAO);
Hualgayoc, entre Hualgayoc y Bambamarca, 2850 m, 11 Mar 1994, Sánchez 6868 (F);
Celendín, desvío a Sorochuco, bajando Tahuan, 2900 m, 27 Dec 1988, Sánchez 4943 (F); San Miguel, 7 0 00' 02" S, 78 0 50' 41" W, 18 Jun 1999, Leiva 2369 and Mione 668 (CONN, HAO);
Contumazá, alrededores de San Benito, 1300 m, 28 Mar 1985, Sagastegui and Leiva 12548 (BH, NY).
Lambayeque: Ferreñafe, Cañaris, 2600 m, 24 Jun 1989, Llatas 2486 (F).
Cuzco: Acomayo, 2900 m, Feb 1937, Vargas 201 (F, GH, MO); Machu Picchu, 2134 m, 2 Feb 1938, Stafford 1224 (K).
Apurímac: Grau, Mancahuara, Oropeza Valley, 3000 m, 23 Jan 1939, Vargas 9798 (G, K).
Bolivia:
| La Paz | Prov. Larecaja, Sorata, trail Sorata to San Pedro | 2475 m | 18 May 2001 | Nee et al. 51826 / Bohs 01-58 (herbarium unknown, seeds of this collection were kindly sent by Bohs and Nee to Mione, grown as Mione 702 |
Bautista Saavadra, Charazani 20 kms hacia Apolo, 2400 m, 5 Aug 1985, Beck 11396 (NY);
Larecaja. Sorata, Challapampa, ca. 2600 m, Jul - Aug 1863, Mandon 429 (G);
Department La Paz, province Murillo, Carretera La Paz-Zongo-Chururaqui. Between Cuticucho and Chururaqui, 2140 m, 29 Feb 2004, S. D. Smith, S. Leiva and S. J. Hall 448 (HAO, F, Mione's study collection, MO, NY, LPB, WIS)
Synonyms:
Hebecladus sinuosus Miers, Lond. J. Bot. 7: 352. 1848. Miers, Ill. S. Am. Pl. 1: 151-2. 1850. TYPE: Peru. Dept. Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Mathews s. n. (HOLOTYPE: BM; ISOTYPE: G two sheets, K). Saracha sinuosa (Miers) Bitter, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 18: 101. 1922.
Saracha glandulosa Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3: 450. 1849. TYPE: Colombia. La Peña, Bogota, J. Goudot s. n. (HOLOTYPE: P, F. neg. 39250; ISOTYPE: F). Witheringia glandulosa (Miers) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 92. 1853. Miers, Ill. S. Amer. Pl. 2: 20. 1857, t. 39a. Jaltomata glandulosa (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., Rhodora 88: 292. 1986.
Saracha vestita Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 3: 449. 1849. TYPE: Ecuador. "Minasurcu prope Quito" on types ("Minashuaicu" is the Defense Mapping Agency [1987] spelling), Hartweg 1292 (HOLOTYPE: K; ISOTYPE: LD shown below). Witheringia vestita (Miers) Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, 11: 92. 1853. Jaltomata vestita (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., Rhodora 88: 292. 1986.
Jaltomata whalenii S. Knapp, T. Mione and Sagást., Brittonia 43: 181. 1991. TYPE: Peru, Dept. Cajamarca, Prov. Contumazá, lecho de Río San Benito, alrededores de San Benito, 1300 m, A. Sagástegui A., S. Leiva G. and C. Sagástegui C. 12471 (Holotype: HUT; Isotypes: IBE, MO, NY).
The above two photos are of the isotype of Saracha vestita Miers (LD), photographed December 2004. Saracha vestita was transferred to Jaltomata as J. vestita (Miers) Castillo & R. E. Schult., and is a synonym of Jaltomata sinuosa.
plates from the Real Expedición Botánica del Nuevo Reino de Granada